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Notes on the Book of Revelation

Chapter 2

First Four Churches

Overview: The Seven Churches.1

Understanding the seven churches is the foundation to understanding the rest of Revelation, especially the seals and trumpets.

The concept of repeat and enlarge are in the seven churches, seals and trumpets which cover the same time periods, and the same story but from different angles. They tell the same story from a different perspective.

In the seven churches Jesus stands as Merciful to His churches, saying repent; in the seven seals He stands as Redeemer (everything points to what Christ is doing for His bride).

The seven churches can also be divided into three major time periods. The first three churches cover the early church, the fourth and fifth churches cover the papal era and the sixth and seventh churches are the end time churches.

These were actual churches in the apostolic times in Asia Minor (today it is Turkey). “They were the most populous, wealthy, and influential part of the Province” (W.M. Ramsay, The Letters to the Seven Churches of Asia, page 183) and could be reached on a circular route by Roman roads in the order that they are listed.

All seven churches, except the two noted below, have six parts;

Opening address, which is to the angel (messenger) of the church.
Description of Jesus using symbolic language.
The “I know” statement, which may include both positive and negative conditions depending on the church.
The command, which is a call to repent, persevere (hold fast) or to be faithful.
The “overcome” statement, which is a promise to God’s people.
The “Spirit saith” statement, which is an exhortation to hear what the Spirit says to the churches.2

Note: One church has nothing negative said about it which is the church of Philadelphia, and one church has nothing good said about it which is the church of Laodicea. The overcome statement and the Spirit saith statement is reversed for the first three churches, Ephesus, Smyrna and Pergamos. All the opening addresses are to the angel of the church except for the last church in Laodicea where it is to the church of the Laodiceans. This is the only church that the plural form is used.

The entire book of Revelation is to the seven churches, not just chapters one, two and three, see Revelation 22:16. The churches are mentioned at the end of the book of Revelation.3

Each of the messages to the seven churches can be understood and applied in three different ways:4

Literal = This is a straightforward reading of the message as it applied to the church at that time in history. For instance, the message to the church of Ephesus was an actual message from God, to Jesus, to an angel, through John to give a message of warning and hope to that specific church at that time.
Prophetic = This is reading the messages to the churches with an eye on prophetic applications. For instance, each church covers a different period of time within history (see Ages of the Churches in the Introduction). The Laodicean church is the last church and represents and describes those in the church during the time of John (literal application) and at the end of time before the second coming of Jesus Christ (prophetic application). So one of the applications for us now is that we should not be lukewarm as Christians.
Personal = This is reading the message and applying it to our own lives. For instance, in the message to Pergamos, it describes a church that is compromising with its beliefs. The application to our personal lives would be to ask ourselves if we are compromising our beliefs in any way or what are we doing that may not be right in the eyes of God?

Three different tribulations were predicted in the letters to the churches. This shows that the letters were not just for the apostolic age or just for the ministers but for different groups of people all throughout time.

One for true Christians, Revelation 2:10; 3:9-10.
One for the lovers of Jezebel, Revelation 2:20-22.
One for the whole world, Revelation 3:10.

Hebrew Poetry (Chiastic Writing):

The portions in the first half of the book of Revelation correspond to a portion in the second half of Revelation. The 7 churches (Revelation 1:10 to 3:22) parallels the events for the New Jerusalem (Revelation 21:9 to 22:9). (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:60-61)

7 Churches New Jerusalem

Christ walks among seven lamps, 2:1. Christ is the eternal lamp, 21:23.

Tree of life, 2:7. Tree of life, 22:2.

Open door, 3:8. Gates never closed, 21:25.

Christ sits on His Father’s throne, 3:21. Throne of God and the Lamb, 22:1, 3.

New Jerusalem comes down from heaven, 3:12. New Jerusalem comes down from heaven, 21:10.

I am coming soon, 3:11. I am coming soon, 22:7.

Sanctuary Symmetry of book of Revelation.

Seven churches = Jesus walking among the candlesticks (Holy Place).
Seven seals = Jesus moves to the table of shewbread (Holy Place).
Seven trumpets = Jesus ministers at the altar of incense (Holy Place).
Revelation 11:19 = Jesus moves into the Most Holy Place.
Revelation 15:5-8 = Jesus closes His sanctuary ministration.
Revelation 16-19 = Then the plagues fall.
Revelation 20 = Scapegoat ceremony and destruction of the wicked.
Revelation 21-22 = New heavens and new earth.

First Church: Ephesus.5

Ephesus = Desirable.6 This was considered the principal city in the Roman province of Asia Minor, even though it was not the capital (Pergamos was). Ephesus had a good harbor and was the head of an east to west highway, so it thrived as a strong commercial center. The city was also a pagan religious center. Artemis (also known as Diana) was worshipped in Ephesus (Acts 19:35). The temple for Diana was four times the size of the Parthenon in Athens and was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:97)

Often referred to as the loveless church.

Timeframe: 31-100 AD, early apostolic age (time of the apostles).

Time = 70 week prophecy. This prophecy points to the life and ministry of Jesus Christ and this first church is during that time.

Location = Holy Place. In verse 1 Jesus is walking in the midst of the seven candlesticks which are located in the Holy Place of the sanctuary. This points to Jesus’ ministry in the Holy Place as our intercessor.

Message is that Jesus meets us where we are. Despite our faults, He sticks with us because He is standing in the midst of the candlesticks which are the churches.

Six Parts:

1. Opening address, verse 1.

2. Description of Jesus, verse 1.

3. I know statement, verses 2-4.

4. Command, verses 5-6.

5. Spirit saith statement, verse 7.

6. Overcome statement, verse 7.

Revelation 2:1, Unto the angel of the church of Ephesus write; These things saith he that holdeth the seven stars in his right hand, who walketh in the midst of the seven golden candlesticks;

2V1: Angel of the church = Angel = Messenger. Here the angel is symbolic and not a literal angel. It represents God’s messengers in each church, the minister or the respective leaders in each of the churches. In the apostolic age, the leader was usually an elder of the church, so these letters are written to the elders and then to pastors in later ages/times.

“The ‘angels’ of the seven churches are the ‘messengers’, the human leadership of the church in each respective period. God speaks to His people through His ministers whom He has appointed.”7

God provides pastors (or shepherds).

Jeremiah 3:15, “And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.”

Acts 20:28, “Take heed therefore unto yourselves, and to all the flock, over the which the Holy Ghost hath made you overseers, to feed the church of God, which he hath purchased with his own blood.” Paul talking to the elders/leaders of the church and that they were chosen by the Holy Spirit.

In the Bible, even humans are referred to as angels (messengers).

2 Samuel 19:27, “And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes.” Speaking of David.

Mark 1:2, “As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.” Speaking of John the Baptist.

Luke 7:24, “And when the messengers of John were departed, he began to speak unto the people concerning John, What went ye out into the wilderness for to see? A reed shaken with the wind?” Speaking of John the Baptist’s follower.

Luke 9:52, “And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.” Speaking of the disciples of Jesus.

James 2:25, “Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way?” Speaking of the two spies, Joshua and Caleb.

2V1: Seven stars = The seven angels of the seven churches (Revelation 1:20). As mentioned above, these stars are the ministers/elders/leaders of the churches. God holds them in His hands, which is a comforting thought.

2V1: These things saith He = “These words are spoken to the teachers in the church—those entrusted by God with weighty responsibilities. The sweet influences that are to be abundant in the church are bound up with God's ministers, who are to reveal the love of Christ. The stars of heaven are under His control. He fills them with light. He guides and directs their movements. If He did not do this, they would become fallen stars. So with His ministers. They are but instruments in His hands, and all the good they accomplish is done through His power. Through them His light is to shine forth.” (Ellen White, AA 586.3)

2V1: Right hand = See Revelation 1:16.

2V1: Jesus is pictured standing “in the midst” of the churches (candlesticks) even though they have baggage and problems, Jesus still stands with them. See also Revelation 1:13.

2V1: Seven golden candlesticks = Represents the seven churches (Revelation 1:20). One of three articles of furniture located in the Most Holy of the sanctuary.

Revelation 2:2, I know thy works, and thy labour, and thy patience, and how thou canst not bear them which are evil: and thou hast tried them which say they are apostles, and are not, and hast found them liars:

2V2: Apostles = This is the only church that mentions apostles. This is an indication of the literal time period of this message which is the apostolic age, 31-100 AD (1st Century).8

2V2: Tried them which say they are apostles, and are not = The church of Ephesus had patience and good works, and had tested the false teachers and had remained faithful to the truth.

Paul spent three years in Ephesus (Acts 20:31) as part of his third major journey and spent two of those years teaching the Bible every day in a rented hall (Acts 19:8-10). Because of his efforts, people stopped buying the silver idols of Diana, that the local silversmiths staged an anti-Christian riot (Acts 19:23-41). (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:99)

“In Ephesus, Christianity struck a blow to the worship of Diana. It is noteworthy that the modern-day equivalent, the worship of Mary as the mother of God, finds its root in Ephesus. In 451 AD, at the Council of Ephesus, the Roman Catholic Church bequeathed the title "Mother of God" to Mary, thus reviving the ancient cult in a modern garb.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

In Acts 20:29-30, Paul warns the Ephesian church that some of their own number would soon start teaching heresy. In Ephesians 5:6-7, Paul warns them to let no one deceive them with empty words. This first letter to Ephesus in the book of Revelation is written about 30 years after Acts and Ephesians and is a testament to the church that they listened to Paul’s warnings. (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:99)

2V2: The apostolic Church was a pure church that would not tolerate heresy. Its labors had brought the Gospel to the then-known world. (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Revelation 2:3, And hast borne, and hast patience, and for my name’s sake hast laboured, and hast not fainted.

2V3: Borne, and hast patience = In other translations this is ‘persevered’.

2V3: Hast laboured = In other translations this is ‘endured hardships’ or ‘tolerated many things’.

2V3: Not fainted = In other translations this is ‘not grown weary’.

Revelation 2:4, Nevertheless I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first love.

2V4: Left thy first love = Ephesus had the truth but might have become legalistic (they might of had a form of Christianity without the Holy Spirit - a form of Christianity without “fully comprehending the mission of Jesus as the Sin Bearer”)9, Acts 19:1-7, 13-17.

Another possibility is that because they did not truly know Jesus or fully comprehend His teachings, they were easily deceived by false teachings and perversions of the gospel message, Acts 20:28-30.

Matthew 25, the parable of the ten virgins, is an example of what could have happened in Ephesus. The five that were lost missed the time because their light went out = They lost their love (Song of Solomon 8:6-7, fire as love)10. In this parable the oil represents the Holy Spirit, so these so-called Christians didn’t have the Holy Spirit (they had a form of religion) and their fire went out. The Ephesians also did not have the Holy Spirit, Acts 19:1-7, and they lost their first love (being on fire for Jesus Christ). The Ephesian church had persevered, endured hardships and had not grown weary, see verse 3, but without the Holy Spirit it was becoming a religion of works, but the wrong kind of works since they were being deceived by false teachers, Acts 20:29-30. Ephesians 2:8-9, we are saved by grace through faith and not of our works. But, once we are truly converted our works will bear fruit. Oil as a representation of being filled with the Holy Spirit, 1 Samuel 10:1, 6; 16:13; Isaiah 61:1; Luke 4:18; Acts 10:38.

2V4: Paul warned the Ephesian church in Ephesians 5:2, “And walk in love, as Christ also hath loved us, and hath given himself for us an offering and a sacrifice to God for a sweetsmelling savour.” But the church had not listened to this warning and had lost their first love. Although they remained faithful to the truth (see verse 2), they still lost their first love (fire).

Revelation 2:5, Remember therefore from whence thou art fallen, and repent, and do the first works; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will remove thy candlestick out of his place, except thou repent.

2V5: First works = The Ephesians needed to return to their first works out of love that they did when they were first converted.

2V5: Remove thy candlestick = Removing the fire, the church has lost its fire for God, Song of Solomon 8:6-7, fire as love. Since their fire has gone out, they will be removed as a church if they don’t repent and do their first works of love.

Revelation 2:6, But this thou hast, that thou hatest the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate.

2V6: Nicolaitans = Nicolaitans taught that deeds of the flesh do not affect the purity of the soul (bad doctrine) or also referred to as cheap grace, Acts 20:25-30 (grievous wolves among you speaking perverse things).

Jude 4, “For there are certain men crept in unawares, who were before of old ordained to this condemnation, ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into lasciviousness, and denying the only Lord God, and our Lord Jesus Christ.” Men turning the grace of God into a license to sin.

Galatians 1:6-7, “I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel: Which is not another; but there be some that trouble you, and would pervert the gospel of Christ.” Some would pervert the gospel of Christ and teach false doctrines.

Similar to the doctrine of Balaam, see Revelation 2:14-15. The Nicolaitans might have been a breakaway movement started by Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch and one of the seven chosen deacons, Acts 6:5.11

“It appears then that the Nicolaitans were Christians who felt that faith in Jesus released them from obedience to some of the Ten Commandments.” (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:99) There is a similar warning in 1 John 2:4, “He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him.”

Nicolaitans are a perfect example of the warning giving by Jesus:

Matthew 7:21-23, “Not every one that saith unto me, Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven; but he that doeth the will of my Father which is in heaven. Many will say to me in that day, Lord, Lord, have we not prophesied in thy name? and in thy name have cast out devils? and in thy name done many wonderful works? And then will I profess unto them, I never knew you: depart from me, ye that work iniquity.”

The good news is that it appears that the Ephesian church listened to Paul’s warnings. In Acts 20:29-30, Paul warns the Ephesian church that some of their own number would soon start teaching heresy. In Ephesians 5:6-7, Paul warns them to let no one deceive them with empty words. This first letter to Ephesus in the book of Revelation is written about 30 years after Acts and Ephesians and is a testament to the church that they listened to Paul’s warnings. (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:99)

2V6: Nicolaitans = Taught false teachings (perverted the gospel). This was a significant issue in the early church and has continued down through history to the present time. Paul also wrote to the churches warning against false teachings and deception;12

- 1 Corinthians = Wisdom of men, 1 Corinthians 2:5, 13-14; 6:9-10.
- 2 Corinthians = False apostles, 2 Corinthians 11:4, 13.
- Galatians = Unto another gospel, Galatians 1:6-7.
- Ephesians = Let no man deceive you, Ephesians 5:5-18.
- 1 Thessalonians = Sudden destruction, 1 Thessalonians 5:3-6.
- 2 Thessalonians = Man of sin be revealed, 2 Thessalonians 2:3-4.
- Colossians = Beware of philosophy, deceit, tradition and worldliness, Colossians 2:8.

Revelation 2:7, He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the midst of the paradise of God.

2V7: Let him hear = This statement is directed to those that have an open heart and mind to receive the truth from God. These are those that hear that still small voice of the Holy Spirit speaking to them and directing them in their lives, 1 Kings 19:11-12. “Not in mighty manifestations of divine power, but by “a still small voice,” did God choose to reveal Himself to His servant. Not by eloquence or logic are men’s hearts reached, but by the sweet influences of the Holy Spirit, which operate quietly yet surely in transforming and developing character.”13

These are also those that are obedient to God and choose to listen and take to heart what they hear and read. They choose to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit and to do what they have been commanded by God. These messages to the churches were specifically for those living in those times and they were to hear what God was telling them through His prophet.

But, these messages also apply to those living throughout the ages (the last two thousand years). There are concepts, truths and admonitions from God that apply to everyone in the church today. See the description in the overview for this chapter which discusses the literal, prophetic and personal application of the messages to the churches.

2V7: Overcometh = Those that remain faithful to God and to His doctrines while going through persecution, Revelation 2:7 (eat of the tree of life); Revelation 2:11 (not be hurt by the second death); Revelation 2:17 (eat of the hidden manna and a new name); Revelation 2:26-28 (power, rule with Jesus); Revelation 3:5 (clothed in white raiment and name in book of life); Revelation 3:12 (become a pillar with a new name); Revelation 3:21 (sit on the throne); Revelation 21:7 (inherit all things). These are all wonderful promises from God for His people if they remain faithful until the end, 1 John 5:4-5 (through faith believe that Jesus is the Son of God); 2 Timothy 3:12 (all shall suffer persecution); Philippians 1:29 (suffer for His sake); 1 Peter 3:14-15 (happy are ye to suffer); 1 Peter 4:12-17 (rejoice through trials); Matthew 5:10-12 (blessed are they which are persecuted); 2 Corinthians 4:17-18 (affliction is but for a moment).

2V7: Tree of life = God pointing us back to the Garden of Eden where Adam and Eve first lived and fell. They had the love of God and also fell just like this early church. He’s telling us that if we’re faithful, and repent He’ll give us access to the Tree of Life as it was intended at the beginning of creation. Humans fell and lost access to paradise, Genesis 3:24 (God drove out man from the garden and blocked access to the tree of life). Jesus is promising those that are faithful that they will be given access to and returned to paradise.

“Certain trees were objects of worship in Ephesus. This was also true in other parts of Greece. It is therefore suitable that the promise contains a reference to the tree of life.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Tree of life is now in heaven since paradise is heaven, 2 Corinthians 12:2-4, “I knew a man in Christ above fourteen years ago, (whether in the body, I cannot tell; or whether out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) such an one caught up to the third heaven. And I knew such a man, (whether in the body, or out of the body, I cannot tell: God knoweth;) How that he was caught up into paradise, and heard unspeakable words, which it is not lawful for a man to utter.”

“It is mentioned six times, three times in Genesis, and three times in the Revelation; but it is used every time with the definite article "the". It is the tree of life in the first book of the Bible, thee tree of life in the last; the tree of life in the "Paradise" (the term used for "garden" in the Greek translation of Genesis) in Eden at the beginning, and the tree of life in the Paradise of which John now speaks, in heaven above. If there is but one tree, and that was at first upon earth, it may be asked how it has now come to the be in heaven. The answer would be that it must have been taken up to the Paradise above.” (Uriah Smith, Daniel and the Revelation page 367)

Second Church: Smyrna.14

Smyrna = Sweet Smelling.15 The city of Smyrna was known for its trade in myrhh, a fragrant tree resin, which was mentioned in Matthew 2:11 during the birth of Jesus.16

Smyrna had a good harbor which facilitated trade.

“Smyrna boasted the only known three-level market plaza in the ancient world, with stores on two levels above ground and others in the basement. Under the name Izmir, Smyrna still survives, the third largest city in Turkey and the most flourishing of the seven cities named in Revelation 2 and 3.” (Maxwell, God Cares, vol. 2:101)

Maybe the spiritual application is that Christians go through tribulation (fire) and are purified, they come out as pure gold; Smyrna is known as the persecuted church, so it went through tribulation and is now the most flourishing of the seven churches since it was purified and came out gold.

Often referred to as the persecuted church which was done by pagans (specifically the Roman Empire).

Timeframe: 100-323 AD.

This period ended in 323 AD with the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine to Christianity.

Smyrna was persecuted and Philadelphia had brotherly love, both of these qualities (persecution and love) create a demarcation between those who say they are with Christ and with those that are truly with Christ. In Revelation 2:9 and Revelation 3:9, the phrase ‘Synagogue of Satan’ is used = This phrase refers to those that claim to be Christians but are Christians in name only (it is a false church).

Time = Interim time between the 70 week and the 1260 prophecy. The literal time period of this church was 100 to 323 AD, which is after the events of the 70 week prophecy and before the beginning of the 1260 year prophecy which began in 538 AD and ran until 1798 AD.

Location = Holy Place.

Six Parts:

1. Opening address, verse 8.

2. Description of Jesus, verse 8.

3. I know statement, verses 9-10.

4. Command, verse 10.

5. Spirit saith statement, verse 11.

6. Overcome statement, verse 11.

Revelation 2:8, And unto the angel of the church in Smyrna write; These things saith the first and the last, which was dead, and is alive;

2V8: Angel of the church = Angel = Messenger. Here the angel is symbolic and not a literal angel. It represents God’s messengers in each church, the minister or the respective leaders in each of the churches. In the apostolic age, the leader was usually an elder of the church, so these letters are written to the elders and then to pastors in later ages/times.

God provides pastors (or shepherds).

Jeremiah 3:15, “And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.”

In the Bible, even humans are referred to as angels (messengers).

2 Samuel 19:27, “And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes.” Speaking of David.

Mark 1:2, “As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.” Speaking of John the Baptist.

Luke 9:52, “And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.” Speaking of the disciples of Jesus.

James 2:25, “Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way?” Speaking of the two spies, Joshua and Caleb.

2V8: First and last - dead and alive = Refers to Jesus Christ, which is why Revelation 1:1 says the Revelation of Jesus Christ. Jesus is the first and the last which is similar to the beginning and the ending, see Revelation 1:8.

2V8: Dead, and is alive = This is the persecuted church and many were martyred during this time, so Jesus is reminding them that He has conquered death and the grave. Even if they are martyred for their faith and for standing up for Jesus, He will resurrect them at the last day. They have the comfort of knowing that they have eternal life.

Revelation 1:18, “I am he that liveth, and was dead; and, behold, I am alive for evermore, Amen; and have the keys of hell and of death.”

John 6:40, “And this is the will of him that sent me, that every one which seeth the Son, and believeth on him, may have everlasting life: and I will raise him up at the last day.”

Note: Jesus died on the cross on Friday afternoon and was resurrected on Sunday morning, Matthew 27:50 (Jesus dies on the cross); Matthew 28:1-6 (Jesus is resurrected); Luke 23:54-56 and 24:1-3 (Death on Friday, rest on Sabbath (Saturday), resurrection on Sunday).

Revelation 2:9, I know thy works, and tribulation, and poverty, (but thou art rich) and I know the blasphemy of them which say they are Jews, and are not, but are the synagogue of Satan.

2V9: Tribulation = See ten days below in verse 10.

2V9: Poor but rich = Rich in faith, James 2:5; Having the faith to stand in faith while being persecuted (burned alive, thrown to the lions…). Those in the church in Smyrna may have been poor in earthly riches like money, land, houses and goods (some may have been poor because of persecution), but they were rich in faith and if they were faithful they would receive their crowns in heaven, see verse 10.

2V9: Jews = This use of ‘Jews’ here is referring to two groups of Christians.

The first being Jews that converted to Christianity and are now a part of the Christian church in Smyrna. Unfortunately, many of them were not truly converted or did not have the strength and courage to persevere through the tribulation and left the church when persecution began. So these are people calling themselves Christians but are not and are being weeded out of the church because of persecution.

The second group are gentiles (non-Jews) that became Christians and are considered spiritual Jews.

Romans 2:28-29 says, “For he is not a Jew, which is one outwardly; neither is that circumcision, which is outward in the flesh: But he is a Jew, which is one inwardly; and circumcision is that of the heart, in the spirit, and not in the letter; whose praise is not of men, but of God.”

Once we accept Jesus as our Saviour, we are considered spiritual Jews and heirs to the promises made to Abraham and are considered a part of Abraham’s seed.

Galatians 3:7-8 says, “Know ye therefore that they which are of faith, the same are the children of Abraham. And the scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the heathen through faith, preached before the gospel unto Abraham, saying, In thee shall all nations be blessed.”

In Romans 9:6-8 it says, “Not as though the word of God hath taken none effect. For they are not all Israel, which are of Israel: Neither, because they are the seed of Abraham, are they all children: but, In Isaac shall thy seed be called. That is, They which are the children of the flesh, these are not the children of God: but the children of the promise are counted for the seed.”

Many in this second group were also nominal Christians and left when persecution began.

“Persecution cleansed the Church by forcing Christians to consider whether they were truly willing to follow Christ for the right reasons.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

“Some were hypocritically pretending to be Jews (or Christians) when they possessed none of the necessary characteristics. Such were of the synagogue of Satan. (Daniel and the Revelation, Uriah Smith, page 369)

Revelation 2:10, Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.

2V10: Thou shalt suffer = Many in these two centuries were persecuted. There were many martyrdoms during this time period, probably thousands upon thousands (not sure how many in Smyrna).

In 107 AD, Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch in Syria and a friend of John the apostle, was thrown to the lions and eaten alive in the amphitheater of Rome. (Tales of the Martyrs of the First Two Centuries, Benjamin Harris Cowper, pages 21-28)

In 155 or 156 AD, Polycarp (the twelfth martyr of Smyrna) was martyred. He was the minister (bishop) of the Smyrna church for over 40 years and was arrested at around the age of 86. He was a disciple of the apostle John (who wrote the book of Revelation) and was probably the last living person to have known one of the twelve apostles. He was burned for his stand for Christ and his famous quote when asked by the Roman Governor to blaspheme Christ was, “Eighty and six years have I have served him, and never has he done me wrong. How then can I curse (blaspheme) my King who saved me?”

2V10: The devil shall cast some into prison = The devil (Satan) usually works through earthly powers to enact his evil desires, such as working through the Roman Empire to persecute Christians or through King Herod to kill the babies in Bethlehem in an attempt to kill the baby Jesus. Some in Smyrna were literally thrown into prison just as those at the end of time will be thrown into prison during the great time of trouble.

2V10: Ten days = The worst of the persecution occurred during ten years. Refers to 10 years of prophetic time which was 303-311 AD, which was a time of great persecution by the Emperor Diocletian who launched a vicious, empire-wide effort for the complete annihilation of Christianity. (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

In 313 AD, there was the edict of Milan by Emperor Constantine which made Christianity legal and ended persecution by pagan Rome. So the ten years in prophetic time would be from 303 to 313 AD, because in prophecy a day equals a year, Ezekiel 4:6 and Numbers 4:34.17

2V10: Crown of life = The saints will receive a crown in heaven, 1 Corinthians 9:25 (incorruptible crown); Philippians 4:1 (longed for crown); 2 Timothy 4:8 (crown of righteousness); James 1:12 (crown of life); 1 Peter 5:4 (crown of glory); Revelation 3:11 (crown).

Revelation 2:11, He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; He that overcometh shall not be hurt of the second death.

2V11: Let him hear = This statement is directed to those that have an open heart and mind to receive the truth from God. These are those that hear that still small voice of the Holy Spirit speaking to them and directing them in their lives, 1 Kings 19:11-12. “Not in mighty manifestations of divine power, but by “a still small voice,” did God choose to reveal Himself to His servant. Not by eloquence or logic are men’s hearts reached, but by the sweet influences of the Holy Spirit, which operate quietly yet surely in transforming and developing character.” (Ellen White, PK, pages 168-169) These are also those that are obedient to God and choose to listen and take to heart what they hear and read. They choose to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit and to do what they have been commanded by God. These messages to the churches were specifically for those living in those times and they were to hear what God was telling them through His prophet. But, these messages also apply to those living throughout the ages (the last two thousand years). There are concepts, truths and admonitions from God that apply to everyone in the church today. See the description in the overview for this chapter which discusses the literal, prophetic and personal application of the messages to the churches.

2V11: Overcometh = Those that remain faithful to God and to His doctrines while going through persecution, Revelation 2:7 (eat of the tree of life); Revelation 2:11 (not be hurt by the second death); Revelation 2:17 (eat of the hidden manna and a new name); Revelation 2:26-28 (power, rule with Jesus); Revelation 3:5 (clothed in white raiment and name in book of life); Revelation 3:12 (become a pillar with a new name); Revelation 3:21 (sit on the throne); Revelation 21:7 (inherit all things). These are all wonderful promises from God for His people if they remain faithful until the end, 1 John 5:4-5 (through faith believe that Jesus is the Son of God); 2 Timothy 3:12 (all shall suffer persecution); Philippians 1:29 (suffer for His sake); 1 Peter 3:14-15 (happy are ye to suffer); 1 Peter 4:12-17 (rejoice through trials); Matthew 5:10-12 (blessed are they which are persecuted); 2 Corinthians 4:17-18 (affliction is but for a moment).

2V11: Second death = This refers to hell (Revelation 20:14); Revelation 21:8; 20:6; 2:11. Everyone (except those that have been resurrected early or that will be alive at the second coming) will experience the first death which is death from old age, disaster, murder, etc. But, only the wicked will experience the second death which is hell. The righteous (or saved) will be resurrected to eternal life and the wicked will be resurrected to be thrown into hell to receive the punishment of the second death, John 5:28-29 (two resurrections); Acts 24:15 (two resurrections).

Third Church: Pergamos.18

Pergamos = Exalted or Elevation. It was literally elevated by geography and to a position of favor in the Roman Empire.19 Pergamos was also the Roman capital of the province of Asia Minor.

It was a sophisticated and cultural center in the region. It had “the world's second largest library (after Alexandria), with a collection of some 200,000 volumes.” The city also had a medical library and “the medical symbol was a serpent wrapped around a pole— very similar to the symbol representing medicine today.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Often referred to as the compromising church.

“When persecution could not rid the earth of Christianity, the great adversary turned to deception and compromise to rid the world of its influence.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

If you can’t beat them, join them! Then compromise from within.

“It was during the Pergamos period that the Church adopted many pagan practices. The seeds of paganism had already been sown into Rome when King Attalus III had bequeathed his title Pontifex Maximus to the pagan Roman emperors in 133 BC.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

“However, in 378 AD, Emperor Gratian refused the title Pontifex Maximus as unbefitting for a Christian. The Roman Catholic bishop then took the title upon himself, as the Catholic Church has done with many pagan sun worship symbols. The church in Pergamos represents this historical period of compromise. In exchange for religious tolerance and acceptance, the true principles of Christianity were sacrificed to accommodate pagan beliefs.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Timeframe: 323-538 AD.

Time = Interim time between the 70 week and the 1260 prophecy. This time period ends when the 1260 year prophecy begins in 538 AD.

Location = Holy Place.

Beginning of the reign of Constantine, a nominal Christian, who claimed to be a Christian in 323 AD.20 Constantine ended the persecution of the Christian church, but also enabled the church to compromise its beliefs and doctrines with pagan beliefs, doctrines, rituals, and ceremonies. During this time period the structure of the future Roman Catholic Church (RCC) began. The bishop in Rome gained more power and influence since he was co-located with the emperor and Jerusalem over time lost its influence and its place as the center of the Christian religion.

“By the end of the period, in 538 AD, Emperor Justinian decreed Christianity the official religion of the empire, joining church and state.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Six Parts:

1. Opening address, verse 12.

2. Description of Jesus, verse 12.

3. I know statement, verses 13-15.

4. Command, verse 16.

5. Spirit saith statement, verse 17.

6. Overcome statement, verse 17.

Revelation 2:12, And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write; These things saith he which hath the sharp sword with two edges;

2V12: Angel of the church = Angel = Messenger. Here the angel is symbolic and not a literal angel. It represents God’s messengers in each church, the minister or the respective leaders in each of the churches. In the apostolic age, the leader was usually an elder of the church, so these letters are written to the elders and then to pastors in later ages/times.

God provides pastors (or shepherds).

Jeremiah 3:15, “And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.”

In the Bible, even humans are referred to as angels (messengers).

2 Samuel 19:27, “And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes.” Speaking of David.

Mark 1:2, “As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.” Speaking of John the Baptist.

Luke 9:52, “And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.” Speaking of the disciples of Jesus.

James 2:25, “Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way?” Speaking of the two spies, Joshua and Caleb.

2V12: Sharp sword with two edges = The word of God, Hebrews 4:12. The church in Pergamos is where compromise started to enter the church and corrupt the truths found in the word of God.

Revelation 12:13, I know thy works, and where thou dwellest, even where Satan’s seat is: and thou holdest fast my name, and hast not denied my faith, even in those days wherein Antipas was my faithful martyr, who was slain among you, where Satan dwelleth.

2V13: Satan’s seat = Symbolically Satan’s seat was within the church, centered in Rome but also in Pergamos (center of Babylonian sun worship).

Satan didn’t have authority in the first church or the second church, but now he has a foothold in the third church. Satan couldn’t defeat the church through persecution, so now he aims to destroy the church through compromise from within. The true seat of power was in Rome, but Satan also worked through Pergamos (the center of Babylonian sun worship).

“Pergamos inherited the ancient system of sun worship from Babylon. According to this verse, Pergamos was Satan's seat. It was a center of ancient sun worship, and the place where the famous altar of Zeus stood on a terrace on the slopes of the mount.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

“The Chaldean Magi enjoyed a long period of prosperity at Babylon.... [After the Medo-Persian occupation], the defeated Chaldeans fled to Asia Minor, and fixed their central college at Pergamos, and took the Palladium of Babylon, the cubic stone, with them. Here, independent of state control, they carried on the rites of their religion, and plotted against the peace of the Persian Empire, caballing with the Greeks for that purpose.” (William B. Barker, Lares and Penates, pages 232-233)

Satan was working through this church in Pergamos to compromise the Christian church from within as well as through the Bishop of Rome.

2 Thessalonians 2:3-4, describes that the end time antichrist will rise within the church of God.

2 Thessalonians 2:4, the word used for ‘temple’ here is ‘naoas’ in Greek which means the church. So the man of sin (verse 3) will sit in the church of God. Other verses where ‘naoas’ is used in a similar manner to represent church, 1 Corinthians 1:2; 1 Corinthians 3:16; 1 Corinthians 6:19; 2 Corinthians 6:16; and in Ephesians 2:19-22.

2 Thessalonians 2:4, says the man of sin (verse 3) will sit in the temple/church. Sitting is a sign of authority like when a judge sits in judgment or when a president is seated in office, Ephesians 1:20 (Jesus sitting at the right hand of God - sitting in position of authority); Mark 16:19 (Jesus sitting at the right hand of God); Mark 14:62 (Jesus sitting on the right hand of power); Hebrews 1:2; 10:12 (Jesus sitting on the right hand of God).

2 Thessalonians 2:3, says that there will be a falling away first, which means there will be apostasy in the church. The Greek word used for falling away is ‘apostasia’ which is where we get the word apostasy. Other places in the Bible that describe apostasy occurring from inside the church, Acts 20:17, 28-31 (warning the elders that deception will be from within the church); 1 Timothy 4:1-3 (some shall depart from the faith); 2 Timothy 4:3-4 (some in the church will not follow true doctrine and will find pastors that tell them what they want to hear); 2 Peter 2:1-2 (false prophets and false teachers inside the church); Jude 1:3-4 (people inside the church giving a false gospel); Galatians 1:6-7 (people teaching a false gospel inside the church).

2 Thessalonians 2:3, uses the term ‘son of perdition’ which is only used twice in the entire Bible. This term is used here to refer to the end time antichrist and it is used another time in John 17:12 to refer to Judas. Judas was the one that betrayed Jesus and was one of the 12 apostles. He was inside the church and turned away from Jesus and His teachings. The term is used in 2 Thessalonians 2:3 to show us that this antichrist entity will be from within the church and will not be from outside the church.

Those inside the church are following man made traditions and were an abomination to God.

Luke 6:12-16, “And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another man's, who shall give you that which is your own? No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon. And the Pharisees also, who were covetous, heard all these things: and they derided him. And he said unto them, Ye are they which justify yourselves before men; but God knoweth your hearts: for that which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God. The law and the prophets were until John: since that time the kingdom of God is preached, and every man presseth into it.”

God gives power to His apostles.

Matthew 10:1, “And when he had called unto him his twelve disciples, he gave them power against unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal all manner of sickness and all manner of disease.”

Satan was behind Judas.

Luke 22:3, “Then entered Satan into Judas surnamed Iscariot, being of the number of the twelve.”

Judas among the twelve apostles - inside the church.

Luke 22:14, “And when the hour was come, he sat down, and the twelve apostles with him.”

Prophecy of Judas betraying Jesus from within the church.

Psalm 41:9, “Yea, mine own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel against me.”

Judas spoke the right words, ‘hail master’, but they were words of deception. The end time antichrist will speak words that sound good, but they will be words of deception to draw people from Jesus Christ.21

Matthew 26:47-50, “And while he yet spake, lo, Judas, one of the twelve, came, and with him a great multitude with swords and staves, from the chief priests and elders of the people. Now he that betrayed him gave them a sign, saying, Whomsoever I shall kiss, that same is he: hold him fast. And forthwith he came to Jesus, and said, Hail, master; and kissed him. And Jesus said unto him, Friend, wherefore art thou come? Then came they, and laid hands on Jesus, and took him.”

2V13: Holdest fast my name = Another translation says ‘yet you remain true’. They are being told to remain true to God’s character since His name reflects His character, Exodus 33:18-19; 34:5-7, name of the Lord equated to His character, Psalm 138:2 (which is also the transcript of His law); Name of God as His character;22

Adonai = The God who is in charge, Genesis 15:2.
Yahweh = The God who is always there, Genesis 2:4.
Elohim = The Creator God, Genesis 1:1.
El Shaddai = The Almighty God, Genesis 17:1.
El Elyon = The Most High God, Genesis 14:19.
El Olam = The Everlasting God, Genesis 21:33.
El Roi = The God who sees, Genesis 16:13.
Abba = The God who is our daddy, Mark 14:36.

This is the compromising church, so God is warning them to stay true to what they have learned about the character of God (the truth), Ephesians 6:14 (stand or stand firm in the truth); 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (hold fast that which is good); 2 Timothy 1:13 (hold fast the form of sound words); Titus 1:9 (holding fast the faithful word); Hebrews 3:6 (hold fast of the hope); Hebrews 10:23 (hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering) and to their righteousness, Job 27:6 (my righteousness I hold fast). This is also a promise from God that those that stand fast to the truth and to His righteousness, that God will reward them. In this case His promise is in verse 17. This phrase of ‘hold fast’ or ‘holdest fast’ is used several times in the letters to the churches, here (Pergamos); Revelation 2:25 (Thyatira); Revelation 3:3 (Sardis); Revelation 3:11 (Philadelphia).

2V13: Antipas = Two words Anti = Against or opposed; Pas (papas) = Fathers/pope or against the fathers.

Antipas is not a person, but is symbolic of a group of people that were against those claiming pre-eminence in the church and were killed for their stance. They also were against the corruption of Christianity that was going on during this period.

Symbolism is used throughout these verses to include Balaam and Balac and even Jezebel is used in verse 20 when describing the church in Thyatira.

People claiming pre-eminence, 3 John 1:9, “I wrote unto the church: but Diotrephes, who loveth to have the preeminence among them, receiveth us not.”

Diotrephes did not acknowledge the apostle John who actually walked with Jesus and was only concerned with his position in the church.23

2 Thessalonians 2:3-4, “Let no man deceive you by any means: for that day shall not come, except there come a falling away first, and that man of sin be revealed, the son of perdition; Who opposeth and exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped; so that he as God sitteth in the temple of God, shewing himself that he is God.”

2V13: Satan dwelleth = Since Satan’s seat of authority is within the corrupted church, then he is the true power behind the scenes, Revelation 18:2 (spiritual Babylon is become the habitation of devils and foul spirits).

Revelation 2:14, But I have a few things against thee, because thou hast there them that hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balac to cast a stumblingblock before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed unto idols, and to commit fornication.

2V14: Balaam = Compromise, working for God, but actually working against God. Balaam used here is symbolic just as Antipas was symbolic in verse 13. John is pointing us to the story of Balaam because the overarching theme of that story applies to what is happening in the church in Pergamos during this time period of 313 to 538 AD. Emperor Constantine ends the overt persecution of the Christian church and it begins to unite with the government (the merging of church and state) and begins the process of compromising its beliefs, doctrines and teachings. The Emperor claims to be a Christian and many others join in, but they are not true Christians and they end up bringing their pagan beliefs into the Christian church which starts the process of compromise.

Balaam was supposedly a prophet of God, so he was working from “within the church” to compromise the people of Israel.

2V14: Balac = The king of the Moabites (Numbers 22:4) that tried to use Balaam to persecute God’s people, Numbers 22 to 24. This was the merging of church and state to attack God’s people. This parallels what is happening in the time of the church of Pergamos where Constantine is uniting with the Christian religion and the church compromises its beliefs. Satan is working through the state to compromise the church into idol worship and fornication. Fornication in the Bible means the uniting of church and state, see the study called, Fornication. The woman of Moab cause many in Israel to commit idolatry, Numbers 25:1-2.

Revelation 2:15, So hast thou also them that hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate.

2V15: Nicolaitans = Nicolaitans taught that deeds of the flesh do not affect the purity of the soul (bad doctrine) or also referred to as cheap grace, Acts 20:25-30 (grievous wolves among you speaking perverse things); Jude 4 (men turning the grace of God into a license to sin); Galatians 1:6-7 (some would pervert the gospel of Christ).

The Nicolaitans might have been a breakaway movement started by Nicolas a proselyte of Antioch and one of the seven chosen deacons, Acts 6:5. See also Revelation 2:6.

Here are people in the church that hold and teach a false doctrine and are causing their fellow Christians to stumble. The church in Pergamos had people in the church that held the ‘doctrine of Balaam’ and the ‘doctrine of the Nicolaitans’ which are both false teachings and beliefs and are causing their fellow Christians to stumble and to believe false doctrines.

The church was being compromised from within.

“Despite the strong delusions surrounding them, it was the duty of God's people to keep themselves from being influenced by Satan's false doctrines.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Revelation 2:16, Repent; or else I will come unto thee quickly, and will fight against them with the sword of my mouth.

2V16: Repent = Because of the false doctrines held in the church, see verse 15, God is warning His people to repent (to turn away from their sins). God wants His people to turn from the compromise that is infecting the early church. Pergamos is often called the compromising church.

2V16: Sword of my mouth = The word of God, Hebrews 4:12. The church in Pergamos is where compromise started to enter the church and corrupt the truths found in the word of God. Also mentioned in verse 12. This describes the second coming of Jesus Christ, also mentioned in Revelation 19:15, using the phrase ‘out of his mouth goeth a sharp sword’.

“As the centuries progressed and the church did not repent, the Lord sent reformers with cutting Bible truths—the two-edged sword (Hosea 6:5) that exposed the false teachings and errors being taught in the fallen church.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Revelation 2:17, He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches; To him that overcometh will I give to eat of the hidden manna, and will give him a white stone, and in the stone a new name written, which no man knoweth saving he that receiveth it.

2V17: Let him hear = This statement is directed to those that have an open heart and mind to receive the truth from God. These are those that hear that still small voice of the Holy Spirit speaking to them and directing them in their lives, 1 Kings 19:11-12.

“Not in mighty manifestations of divine power, but by “a still small voice,” did God choose to reveal Himself to His servant. Not by eloquence or logic are men’s hearts reached, but by the sweet influences of the Holy Spirit, which operate quietly yet surely in transforming and developing character.” (Ellen White, PK, pages 168-169)

2V17: Overcometh = Those that remain faithful to God and to His doctrines while going through persecution will be rewarded.

Revelation 2:7 (eat of the tree of life).

Revelation 2:11 (not be hurt by the second death).

Revelation 2:17 (eat of the hidden manna and a new name).

Revelation 2:26-28 (power, rule with Jesus).

Revelation 3:5 (clothed in white raiment and name in book of life).

Revelation 3:12 (become a pillar with a new name).

Revelation 3:21 (sit on the throne).

Revelation 21:7 (inherit all things).

These are all wonderful promises from God for His people if they remain faithful until the end, 1 John 5:4-5 (through faith believe that Jesus is the Son of God); 2 Timothy 3:12 (all shall suffer persecution); Philippians 1:29 (suffer for His sake); 1 Peter 3:14-15 (happy are ye to suffer); 1 Peter 4:12-17 (rejoice through trials); Matthew 5:10-12 (blessed are they which are persecuted); 2 Corinthians 4:17-18 (affliction is but for a moment).

2V17: White = Free from sin through the righteousness of Jesus Christ, Revelation 19:8 (white linen is righteousness); Jesus was often described as wearing white or appearing as lightning, Matthew 17:2 (Jesus’ robe was white as light); Mark 9:3 (Jesus’ robe white as snow); The righteousness of Jesus is mentioned in the New Testament, Matthew 6:33 (His righteousness); Romans 1:17 (the righteousness of God); Romans 3:5, 21-22 (Righteousness of God); Romans 10:3 (God’s righteousness).

2V17: Name in stone = Immortalized or immortality; example is like Hollywood putting someone’s name in stone (walk of fame), they are described as being immortalized; Like the Ten Commandments are eternal because they are written in stone. The saints are covered in the righteousness of Jesus Christ, given a new name, and given immortality because they believed in Jesus as the Son of God and overcame persecution.

“In ancient times, a white stone was used in court to symbolize innocence and purity while a black one symbolized guilt. Jesus promised that the overcomers, those who are faithful to Him, will never be condemned but will instead be given a white stone inscribed with a new name, a pure name that signifies their close personal relationship with Him. Romans 8:1.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Fourth Church: Thyatira.

Thyatira = Last more than the first. This might be their description because they grew in faith under persecution during the dark ages24 and this was a church full of works, see verse 19. Also translated as ode (or odor) of affliction since this church suffers persecution.25

This is the longest of the seven letters to the churches and also covers the longest period of church history.26

Thyatira (now Akhisar) was known for their trade guilds and for trading in purple (and red) fabrics, Acts 16:13-15. Christians in this area had to mingle with the pagans in the trade guilds in order to work in the city. This situation caused some in the church to compromise and introduced corruption into their ranks. This period (538 to 1517) is when the church in Rome grew to prominence both spiritually and politically with the colors worn by bishops and cardinals as red and purple, Revelation 18:16.27 This represents the Roman Catholic Church.

Often referred to as the corrupt church and this church faces persecution by the church in Rome.

Spiritually this church is the Catholic Church during the dark ages, especially from 538 to 1798 AD.

“During this period the Catholic (meaning main or universal) Church system accepted so many pagan practices that the truths of God’s Word were forgotten. The Bible was banned, and all who refused to acknowledge the supremacy of the Papal Church were persecuted. Many faithful Christians were put to death as “heretics,” causing great numbers of God’s people to flee into the wilderness. This was the darkest period yet for God’s people, as the corrupted church enforced its domination and tried to destroy the faithful remnant.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Commentary)

Timeframe: 538-1517 AD.

Time = 1260 prophecy. This is the first church that is within the 1260 year prophecy time period of 538 to 1798 AD.

Location = Holy Place.

Six Parts:

Opening address, verse 18.
Description of Jesus, verse 18.
I know statement, verses 19-23.
Command, verses 24-25.
Overcome statement, verses 26-28.
Spirit saith statement, verse 29.

Revelation 2:18, And unto the angel of the church in Thyatira write; These things saith the Son of God, who hath his eyes like unto a flame of fire, and his feet are like fine brass;

2V18: Angel of the church = Angel = Messenger. Here the angel is symbolic and not a literal angel. It represents God’s messengers in each church, the minister or the respective leaders in each of the churches. In the apostolic age, the leader was usually an elder of the church, so these letters are written to the elders and then to pastors in later ages/times.

God provides pastors (or shepherds).

Jeremiah 3:15, “And I will give you pastors according to mine heart, which shall feed you with knowledge and understanding.”

In the Bible, even humans are referred to as angels (messengers).

2 Samuel 19:27, “And he hath slandered thy servant unto my lord the king; but my lord the king is as an angel of God: do therefore what is good in thine eyes.” Speaking of David.

Mark 1:2, “As it is written in the prophets, Behold, I send my messenger before thy face, which shall prepare thy way before thee.” Speaking of John the Baptist.

Luke 9:52, “And sent messengers before his face: and they went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, to make ready for him.” Speaking of the disciples of Jesus.

James 2:25, “Likewise also was not Rahab the harlot justified by works, when she had received the messengers, and had sent them out another way?” Speaking of the two spies, Joshua and Caleb.

2V18: Son of God, eyes like fire, feet like brass = These three references are from Revelation chapter 1, Son of God (actually man) was in verse 13, eyes like fire were in verse 14, and feet of brass is in verse 15. Why refer back to chapter 1? It’s important to remember back to chapter 1 that Jesus is standing in the midst of His churches (amongst the candlesticks; see verses 13 and 20). Even though this is a corrupt church, Jesus still stands with them and gives them an opportunity to repent in verse 21. 1 Kings 21:29, shows how gracious God is because Ahab humbled himself. Same with this corrupt church. God is longsuffering. Many literal Old Testament people are used as symbols in Revelation/New Testament and have spiritual applications in prophecy.28

2V18: Son of God = Another description used by Jesus. In Revelation 1:13 the writer uses Son of man to represent Jesus but still uses the other two descriptions of the eyes like fire and the feet of brass. Son of man is used throughout the New Testament to describe Jesus, see Revelation 1:13. The Son of God is also used to describe Jesus, Matthew 4:3, 6 (called Son of God while being tempted by Satan); Matthew 8:29 (called the Son of God by demon possessed people); Matthew 14:33 (called the Son of God by His apostles); Matthew 16:16 (called the Son of the living God by an apostle); Matthew 27:54 (called the Son of God by a centurion); Mark 1:1 (Jesus called the Son of God by Paul); Mark 3:11 (unclean spirits refer to Jesus as Son of God); John 1:49 (Nathanael refers to Jesus as the Son of God); Acts 9:20 (Paul refers to Jesus as the Son of God after his conversion). Although Son of God is used here in verse 18 to refer to Jesus, this term is also used to describe God’s people in the Old and New Testament, Genesis 6:2, 4 (those that are faithful to God); Luke 3:38 (Adam is called the son of God); John 1:12 (those that believe in Jesus become sons of God); Romans 8:14, 19 (if we are led by the Holy Spirit, we are sons of God); 2 Corinthians 6:18 (we become sons and daughters of God); Galatians 4:5-6 (we become sons through adoption and redemption); Philippians 2:15 (we are to be sons of God and a light to the world); 1 John 3:1-2 (the Father loves us and calls us sons of God). But, this term sons of God also refers to the ‘Adams’ of other worlds, Job 38:7. There are other worlds, Hebrews 1:2 and Hebrews 11:3.

2V18: Eyes like flame of fire = Sees in darkness, sees everything, Hebrews 4:13 (God sees everything); Job 34:21 (God sees all that man does); Psalm 33:13-15 (God sees everyone and their works from heaven); 1 Corinthians 4:5-6 (hidden things of darkness will be brought to light). Jesus is the light, Matthew 4:16 (great light); John 3:19 (men loved darkness rather than light). The light of the body is the eye, Matthew 6:22-23, Jesus is depicted here with eyes of fire which means eyes of light or righteousness (not darkness and evil). Also mentioned in Daniel 10:6 (a parallel vision to the one here in Revelation). See Revelation 1:14.

2V18: Feet of brass = Brings good tidings of salvation, Isaiah 52:7, represents how we walk and purification. See Revelation 1:15.

Revelation 2:19, I know thy works, and charity, and service, and faith, and thy patience, and thy works; and the last to be more than the first.

2V19: And thy works; and the last to be more than the first = A church doing lots of good works at first, but ends up teaching bad doctrines, being unfaithful to God, and persecuting the saints. The phrase ‘I know thy works’ refers to the churches good works at first, but things changed, so works is mentioned again in the same verse to refer to the evil works. The phrase ‘last to be more than the first’ refers to that fact that the evil works will be more than the good works that the church originally did. The evil in the church will outweigh the good that is in the church. Thyatira is known as the corrupt church and because of that corruption it begins to persecute God’s people.

Spiritually, this church is the Catholic Church which did good works (schools, universities, hospitals, orphanages, and other charities), but their evil works eventually outweighed their good works in the beginning.

2V19: Charity = Love. In most translations charity is translated as love.

Revelation 2:20, Notwithstanding I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things sacrificed unto idols.

2V20: Jezebel as prophetess = Was a literal women. “Jezebel was a heathen princess that Ahab, king of Israel, married. She was a Phonecian Baal worshiper, although God had expressly forbidden intermarriage with heathens. This marriage led to Baal worship being introduced into Israel, even though it was supposedly done in the name of Jehovah.” (Amazing Discoveries Revelation Online Bible Commentary)

But here it is used with a spiritual meaning = Here it refers to the church and a false spiritual leader = It also refers to someone that claims to speak for God while putting the people of God to death. The combination of Jezebel and Ahab represents the mixture of true and false religion mingled with state power.29

The mingling of church and state always leads to persecution, which occurs in the Old Testament story of Jezebel and Ahab, 1 Kings 16:29-34; 1 Kings 18:1-46; 1 Kings 19:1-8; 1 Kings 21:1-29; 2 Kings 9:1-10, 22, 30-37.

During the time of the church of Thyatira, 538 to 1517 AD, the church persecuted God’s people through the commingling of church and state.

Note: A woman in Bible prophecy represents the church, 2 Corinthians 11:2; Ephesians 5:23-27; Jeremiah 6:2.

This is pointing to the leader of the Catholic Church (the Pope) which claims to speak for God and persecuted God’s people through the inquisition and through the dark ages.

2V20: Fornication = Biblical fornication is when the church uses the state to slay (persecute) those not in harmony with her teachings, see the study called, Fornication for more detail.

Jezebel persecuted and killed the prophets of God using the state power because King Ahab was her husband. So the religious leaders joined with the state to persecute God’s people during the literal time of the church of Thyatira. The Catholic Church persecuted God’s people through the dark ages by the inquisition and other means.

2V20: Eat things sacrificed unto idols = Worshipping idols (idol worship). Jezebel encouraged idol worship and the church of Thyatira also encouraged idol worship through their pagan controlled trade guilds.

The Catholic Church is filled with idol worship, praying to Mary and praying to saints.

Revelation 2:21, And I gave her space to repent of her fornication; and she repented not.

2V21: Time to repent = God gave Jezebel and Ahab time to repent, 1 Kings 17:1. God gave Ahab and Jezebel three and a half years to repent, James 5:17. The false church was given 3 1/2 prophetic years which was 1260 years (a day equals a year in prophecy, Ezekiel 4:6; Numbers 14:34), Daniel 7:25 (a time and times and the dividing of time = which is a year, two years and half a year = which is 3 1/2 years = which prophetically is 1260 years); 12:7 (for a time, times, and an half); Revelation 11:2 (forty and two months = which equals 3 1/2 years); Revelation 11:3 (a thousand two hundred and threescore days = which equals 1260 days = which is 1260 years prophetically); 12:6 (a thousand two hundred and threescore days); Revelation 12:14 (a time, and times, and half a time); Revelation 13:5 (forty and two months).30 The three and a half years given to the church to repent was from 538 to 1798 AD and encompasses the times during the church of Thyatira and the church of Sardis. This time period is 1260 years. Note: The Jewish calendar used 360 days in their year, so 3 1/2 years would equal 1260 days, which would be 1260 years prophetically. Also, we can know for sure that 1260 days is the same as 42 months (30 days a month) because Revelation 12:6 and 14 say the same thing but use two different ways to express the 1260 days. Both verse 6 and 14 refer to the woman fleeing to the wilderness, so we know they are talking about the same topic. Verse 6 uses “a thousand two hundred and threescore days” and verse 14 uses “a time, and times, and half a time”. So that is how we can be sure that all seven references to 42 months, a time, and times and half a time and 1260 days all refer to the 1260 year prophecy.

2V21: Fornication = Biblical fornication is when the church uses the state to slay (persecute) those not in harmony with her teachings, see the study at the end of chapter 14 called, Fornication for more detail. Jezebel persecuted and killed the prophets of God using the state power because King Ahab was her husband.

2V21: She repented not = Ahab ended up repenting, 1 Kings 21:27-29. But Jezebel did not repent, 1 Kings 21:23; 2 Kings 9:30-37. Prophetically Jezebel represents the church and the Catholic Church did not repent and therefore will receive the wrath of God, Revelation 18:2-5, 8.

Revelation 2:22, Behold, I will cast her into a bed, and them that commit adultery with her into great tribulation, except they repent of their deeds.

2V22: Adultery with her = These are those people, institutions, leaders, kings and governments that join with the false church to persecute God’s people and to gain riches, Revelation 17:2 (kings of the earth have committed fornication); Revelation 17:13 (given their power and strength unto the beast); Revelation 18:2-3 (all nations and kings of the earth have committed fornication with her); Revelation 18:9 (kings of the earth committed fornication and lived deliciously with her); Revelation 18:15 (merchants made rich by her).

2V22: Great tribulation = There has been and still is tribulation for God’s people and for the earth in general, but this is talking about great tribulation near the end of time (right before the second coming of Jesus Christ), Revelation 7:14 (those that have come out of great tribulation); Daniel 12:1-2 (In verse 1 there is a time of trouble, such as never was and then in verse 2 it refers to the second coming of Jesus Christ when the dead in Christ shall rise).

The great tribulation involves the seven last plagues which is the wrath of God. The great tribulation occurs after the close of probation, but there is a small time of trouble before the close of probation which is also referred to as a time of tribulation.

2V22: Repent of their deeds = God does not want to see anyone perish, so He is giving them time to repent.

Revelation 2:23, And I will kill her children with death; and all the churches shall know that I am he which searcheth the reins and hearts: and I will give unto every one of you according to your works.

2V22-23: Affliction by Islam. Revelation 9:20-21 ties in with Thyatira and the description of the church in verse 19-23.

2V23: Her children = The apostate churches that have come out of the Catholic church, specifically the protestant churches in the United States of America. These apostate churches are also referred to as harlots in Revelation 17:5.

2V23: According to your works = We are saved by grace through faith, Ephesians 2:8-9, but we are punished or judged by our works (what we have done). Revelation 22:12 (according as his work shall be); Revelation 20:12-13 (judged according to works); Matthew 16:27 (every man according to his works); Ecclesiastes 12:14 (God shall bring every work into judgment); Psalm 62:12 (every man according to his work); Romans 2:6 (according to his deeds); 2 Corinthians 5:10 (judged by what we have done, whether it be good or bad).

Revelation 2:24, But unto you I say, and unto the rest in Thyatira, as many as have not this doctrine, and which have not known the depths of Satan, as they speak; I will put upon you none other burden.

2V24: The rest = Same word used in Revelation 12:17 translated as remnant. So this is a small group (or remnant) that is faithful to God and His commandments.31 See the description at Revelation 12:17 and the study at the end of chapter 12 called, The Remnant.

2V24: None other burden = These are those that follow Jesus Christ for His burden is light, Matthew 11:28-30. They have stayed true and faithful to the teachings and doctrines of Jesus Christ.

Revelation 2:25, But that which ye have already hold fast till I come.

2V25: Have already hold fast = Other translations say ‘hold on to what you have’. They are being told to hold fast to the truth that they know, Ephesians 6:14 (stand or stand firm in the truth); 1 Thessalonians 5:21 (hold fast that which is good); 2 Timothy 1:13 (hold fast the form of sound words); Titus 1:9 (holding fast the faithful word); Hebrews 3:6 (hold fast of the hope); Hebrews 10:23 (hold fast the profession of our faith without wavering) and to their righteousness, Job 27:6 (my righteousness I hold fast). This is also a promise from God that those that stand fast to the truth and to His righteousness, that God will reward them. In this case His promise is in verse 26. The word ‘already’ implies that there is more information that they don’t have, but they are being judged on what they know. God judges people based on the knowledge that they have, not what they don’t know, Acts 17:30 (God winks at our ignorance). But, of course, once someone learns and understands the truth they are held accountable for their choices and are commanded to repent. This phrase of ‘hold fast’ or ‘holdest fast’ is used several times in the letters to the churches, here (Thyatira); Revelation 2:13 (Pergamos); Revelation 3:3 (Sardis); Revelation 3:11 (Philadelphia).

2V25: Hold fast till I come = Even though the Church of Thyatira is called the corrupt church, God always has a remnant that are faithful. These are the faithful saints during this time of corruption that God is speaking to here.

Revelation 2:26, And he that overcometh, and keepeth my works unto the end, to him will I give power over the nations:

2V26: Overcometh = Those that remain faithful to God and to His doctrines while going through persecution, Revelation 2:7 (eat of the tree of life); Revelation 2:11 (not be hurt by the second death); Revelation 2:17 (eat of the hidden manna and a new name); Revelation 2:26-28 (power, rule with Jesus); Revelation 3:5 (clothed in white raiment and name in book of life); Revelation 3:12 (become a pillar with a new name); Revelation 3:21 (sit on the throne); Revelation 21:7 (inherit all things). These are all wonderful promises from God for His people if they remain faithful until the end, 1 John 5:4-5 (through faith believe that Jesus is the Son of God); 2 Timothy 3:12 (all shall suffer persecution); Philippians 1:29 (suffer for His sake); 1 Peter 3:14-15 (happy are ye to suffer); 1 Peter 4:12-17 (rejoice through trials); Matthew 5:10-12 (blessed are they which are persecuted); 2 Corinthians 4:17-18 (affliction is but for a moment).

2V26: Keepeth my works = Jesus taught, preached and healed those around Him, Matthew 9:35. Jesus worked tirelessly uplifting humanity spiritually, mentally, and physically (mind, body and soul). Also, Matthew 4:23-24, Jesus was teaching, preaching and healing which is similar to what is called today as medical missionary work.32 We are to teach all nations to observe all things whatsoever Jesus has commanded us, Matthew 28:19-20 (referred to as the great commission). Jesus gave this command to His disciples before ascending to heaven.

Revelation 2:27, And he shall rule them with a rod of iron; as the vessels of a potter shall they be broken to shivers: even as I received of my Father.

2V27: This is pulling from Psalm 2:9 and other verses explained below. The heathen nations are given to the Lord in Psalm 2:8 and in His wrath He will destroy those nations and shatter them like a potter’s vessel, Psalm 2:9, 12. Rod of iron can also be found in Revelation 12:5. God is the Potter and we are as clay to be formed, Isaiah 64:8. In Jeremiah 18:1-6 is the story of the clay and the potter, where the potter is God, the vessel in verse 4 is God’s church at that time (Israel), and ‘another vessel’ in verse 4 is Israel being re-established after their captivity by Babylon. The vessel is ‘marred’ in verse 4 which means Israel is taken into captivity, see Jeremiah 19:10-11; 20:4. The clay can represent either God’s people or the heathen nations depending on context. Here in verse 27, it is referring to the nations of the earth that do not follow God and have united church and state in the persecution of God’s people. God in His wrath will judge them that persecute His people. “The potter takes the clay and molds it according to his will…Thus it becomes a vessel fit for use. So the great Master Worker desires to mold and fashion us. And as the clay is in the hands of the potter, so are we to be in His hands. We are not to try to do the work of the potter. Our part is to yield ourselves to be molded by the Master Worker.”33 The concept of God as the potter and people as clay can also be found here, Lamentations 4:2; Romans 9:21-23; Isaiah 41:25.

2V27: I received of my Father = Other translations say ‘as I received authority from my Father’.

Revelation 2:28, And I will give him the morning star.

2V28: Morning star = In the context of the reformation, John Wycliffe brought the bible to the people = Jesus Christ is the Word that was brought to the world, John 1:1-3, 14. Also mentioned in Revelation 22:16 to refer specifically to Jesus Christ as the morning star.

Revelation 2:29, He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches.

2V29: Let him hear = This statement is directed to those that have an open heart and mind to receive the truth from God. These are those that hear that still small voice of the Holy Spirit speaking to them and directing them in their lives, 1 Kings 19:11-12. “Not in mighty manifestations of divine power, but by “a still small voice,” did God choose to reveal Himself to His servant. Not by eloquence or logic are men’s hearts reached, but by the sweet influences of the Holy Spirit, which operate quietly yet surely in transforming and developing character.”13 These are also those that are obedient to God and choose to listen and take to heart what they hear and read. They choose to follow the leading of the Holy Spirit and to do what they have been commanded by God. These messages to the churches were specifically for those living in those times and they were to hear what God was telling them through His prophet. But, these messages also apply to those living throughout the ages (the last two thousand years). There are concepts, truths and admonitions from God that apply to everyone in the church today. See the description in the overview for this chapter which discusses the literal, prophetic and personal application of the messages to the churches.

Chapter 2 Resources and Notes

1. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

2. An amalgamation of two different sources: Professor Steven Grabiner, Phd., Class Handout for Prophetic Studies (RELB 225/335 - 2016), Prophetic Studies - Revelation Introduction, page 10; Also Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

3. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

4. Ibid.

5. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.The majority of this section on the first church is from Salvation in Symbols and Signs except where noted.

6. Pastor John Bradshaw, It Is Written Ministry television episode called, What I Like About My Church, Can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndehUX3hEsQ.

7. Robert J. Wieland, Revelation of things to Come, Stanborough Press Ltd., Grantham, Lincolnshire, England, 2014, ISBN 978-1-909545-18-2, page 17.

8. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

9. Ellen G. White, Acts of the Apostles (Conflict of the Ages Series) vol. 4 (ISBN: 0816319197, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2002), page 285.

10. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

11. Source unknown.

12. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

13. Ellen G. White, Prophets And Kings (Conflict of the Ages Series) vol. 2 (ISBN: 0816319200, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2002), pages 168-169.

14. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

15. Pastor John Bradshaw, It Is Written Ministry television episode called, What I Like About My Church, Can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndehUX3hEsQ.

16. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

17. Ibid.

18. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

19. Pastor John Bradshaw, It Is Written Ministry television episode called, What I Like About My Church, can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndehUX3hEsQ; and also Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

20. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

21. Pastor Stephen Bohr, Unsealed Secrets Ministry video, specific title is unknown.

22. Article from bibleinfo.com titled, What are the names of God?, can be accessed here: http://www.bibleinfo.com/en/questions/names-of-god.

23. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

24. Pastor John Bradshaw, It Is Written Ministry television episode called, What I Like About My Church, Can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndehUX3hEsQ.

25. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Pastor James Rafferty and Pastor Ivor Myers, Salvation in Symbols and Signs (Program on 3ABN’s Dare To Dream Network), video series can be accessed here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i42C2tZ5yuI&list=PLZE9r6f37K0AJPuImVU9DX-Y1Ntikqv0R.

29. Anchor Point Films (2017), www.anchorpointfilms.com, video series called, Revelations Seven Churches, it is a two DVD documentary series and can be purchased here, https://www.anchorpointfilms.com/series/60-revelation-s-seven-churches.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Jon and Natalie Wood, MissionTV Live episode (specific episode and year is unknown) on Mission TV. Mission TV can be found at www.missiontv.com and on ROKU.

33. Ellen G. White, Ministry of Healing (ISBN: 0816318816, Pacific Press Publishing Association, 2003), pages 471-472.

Ellen White references can be found here: https://beta.egwwritings.org.